Language as a Powerful Mind Control Weapon Essay Example for Free

Language as a Powerful Mind Control Weapon Essay Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949) is a great tragic novel by English creator George Orwell. Likened to the latter’s before work, Animal Farm (1945), Nineteen Eighty-Four is a wake up call about the perils of authoritarianism. The novel’s primary character, Winston Smith, is a government worker entrusted with scattering government purposeful publicity through the fashioning of records and political writing. Disappointed with such a robotic presence, Smith starts an uprising against the system †a move which later brought about his detainment and torment. The regard of Nineteen Eighty-Four can be credited predominantly to its honest and distinctive depiction of the propagation of the norm to the detriment of individual rights (Gearon 65). A considerable lot of the novel’s phrasings and thoughts, for example, â€Å"doublethink,† â€Å"Orwellian,† â€Å"Newspeak† and â€Å"Big Brother,† in the long run procured secure spots in the English language (Trahair 289). At present, a few masterminds even utilize these articulations and ideas to condemn oppressive government arrangements. The term â€Å"Orwellian,† for example, is as of now a saying that alludes to any type of commonality that intently looks like the Party (Cameron 151). One of Orwell’s significant contentions in the novel is that language is the authoritarian government’s most impressive weapon of psyche control. Through the use of tricky language and promulgation, just as the adjustment of language, the Party had the option to control the considerations and convictions of the residents of Oceania. Newspeak was the Party’s essential methods for misdirecting the residents of Oceania (Thomas, Singh, Peccei, Jones and Wareing 39). It was an adulterated type of Standard English (referred to in the novel as Oldspeak) that mirrored the standards of Ingsoc. â€Å"Undesirable† words were dispensed with from the most widely used language, while those that were held were deprived of â€Å"unorthodox† indications (Ji 1). Thusly, it got difficult to create different methods of thought in Newspeak (Orwell 144). Newspeak was something other than a language †it was the â€Å"(embodiment) of the extremist (mentality) of the Party members† (Gerovitch 12). To oblige interchange perspectives would build the chance of experiencing â€Å"heretical† musings (Gerovitch 13). It is done amazing, in this way, if the Party required all occupants of Oceania to utilize Newspeak †doing so was an advantageous method of teaching them with Ingsoc convictions. The colossal intensity of language to control the psyche is definitely not an anecdotal marvel. The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis (n. d. ) contended that language decided how people apparent their condition (Thomas, Singh, Peccei, Jones and Wareing 39). This supposition that is made out of two sections †etymological relativity and phonetic determinism. Etymological relativity guessed that the dialects of various societies don't really have proportionate frameworks of portrayal. Etymological determinism, then, declared that a language mirrored certain parts of reality as well as impacted the speaker’s point of view (Thomas, Singh, Peccei, Jones and Wareing 25). It is reasonable for state that the reason behind the turn of events and use of Newspeak depended on the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis. In the novel’s supplement, it is uncovered that Ingsoc was initially known as English Socialism (Orwell 143). Be that as it may, during the hour of English Socialism, individuals spoke Standard English. Thus, they were presented to radical thoughts that roused them to betray the Party (Ji 1). In reprisal, the Party quieted them through discipline and fear (Ji 1). The Party in the end saw the time of English Socialism as one that was portrayed with viciousness and rebellion. Standard English, in the mean time, was viewed as a relic of an anarchic past that must be disposed of no matter what. The Party even set a year where they anticipated that Standard English should be as of now nonexistent †2050 (Orwell 143). In the supplement of the novel, Orwell composed the Party’s extreme dream †a general public wherein everybody acknowledged the official belief system even without the danger of discipline and dread (Ji 1). This was just conceivable, be that as it may, on the off chance that they had no entrance to rebellious thoughts. It must be noticed that with regards to the novel, Standard English was viewed as the wellspring of protester ideas. The Party accordingly understood that Standard English must be supplanted with a solitary and uniquely imagined language †Newspeak. At the point when individuals talked, heard, read and composed distinctly in Newspeak, they could be monitored even without altogether state mistreatment (Ji 1). Newspeak was the official language of Oceania and had been conceived to meet the ideological needs of Ingsoc, or English Socialism. In the year 1984 there was not up 'til now any individual who utilized Newspeak as his sole methods for correspondence, either in discourse or composing. The main articles in The Times were written in it, yet this was a visit de power which must be done by an expert. It was normal that Newspeak would have at long last supplanted Oldspeak (or Standard English, as we should call it) by about the year 2050. (143) The motivation behind Newspeak was not exclusively to give a mode of articulation to the (perspective) and mental propensities appropriate to the aficionados of Ingsoc, however to make every single other method of thought outlandish. It was expected that when Newspeak had been received for the last time and it slipped Oldspeak's mind, a sinful idea †that is, an idea separating from the standards of Ingsoc †ought to be actually unimaginable, at any rate so far as thought is reliant on words. Its jargon was so built as to give accurate and regularly extremely unpretentious articulation to each implying that a Party part could appropriately wish to communicate, while barring every single other significance and furthermore the chance of showing up at them by aberrant strategies. This was done mostly by the innovation of new words, however mainly by dispensing with unfortunate words and by stripping such words as survived from irregular implications, thus far as conceivable of every single auxiliary importance whatever. To give a solitary model. The word free despite everything existed in Newspeak, however it must be utilized in such proclamations as â€Å"This hound is liberated from lice† or â€Å"This field is liberated from weeds. † It couldn't be utilized in its old feeling of â€Å"politically free† or â€Å"intellectually free† since political and scholarly opportunity not, at this point existed even as ideas, and were in this manner of need anonymous. (144) An individual growing up with Newspeak as his sole language would no more realize that equivalent had once had the optional importance of â€Å"politically equal,† or that free had once implied â€Å"intellectually free,† than for example, an individual who had never known about chess would know about the auxiliary implications appending to sovereign and rook. There would be numerous violations and mistakes which it would be past his capacity to submit, essentially in light of the fact that they were anonymous and thusly impossible. (148-149) This aspiration, be that as it may, was not without genuine outcomes. The individual privileges of the individuals of Oceania were seriously damaged. They continually lived in dread of government retaliation †scenes across London were barraged with banners of â€Å"Big Brother† with the inscription â€Å"Big Brother is Watching You† (Orwell 1). Two-way TVs †telescreens †were introduced in all homes and open foundations so as to screen the people for any indication of rebellious movement (thoughtcrime). More terrible, the Party urged everybody to keep an eye on each other. Indeed, even kids were requested to report their folks to the specialists (Thought Police) on the off chance that they found them carrying out a thoughtcrime. Winston Smith was among the individuals who died. Upon his capture, he was taken to the Ministry of Love, where he was exposed to electroshock torment. Winston was subsequently taken to the scandalous Room 101, where a detainee was tormented by being presented to their biggest dread. Winston’s basic dread was rodents †he was hence tormented by having a wire confine loaded with starving rodents brought close to his face. Frozen, Winston at long last acknowledges Party belief system and was later discharged as a programmed person. Unfortunately, clearly Orwell’s cautioning in Nineteen Eighty-Four went unnoticed. At present, there are still such huge numbers of social orders wherein individuals are deprived of their fundamental rights and freedoms. Is all the more disheartening that a portion of the gatherings who are blameworthy of this bad behavior are really asserting that they are firm promoters of opportunity, equity and fairness. They utilize expand purposeful publicity to announce their â€Å"advocacy† while acting in a totally different way. The Party utilized language so as to keep the individuals of Oceania quiet, uninformed and mistreated. In doing as such, the previous demonstrated that malevolent succeeds where great is quiet. Orwell, then again, utilized words so as to uncover and battle this monstrosity. In doing as such, he demonstrated that the pen is mightier than the blade. Works Cited Cameron, Deborah. Verbal Hygiene. New York: Routledge, 1995. Gearon, Liam. Opportunity of Expression and Human Rights: Historical, Literary and Political Contexts. Eastbourne: Sussex Academic Press, 2006. Gerovitch, Slava. From Newspeak to Cyberspeak: A History of Soviet Cybernetics. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2004. Ji, Fengyuan. Phonetic Engineering: Language and Politics in Mao’s China. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2004. Orwell, George. Nineteen Eighty-Four. n. p. : n. d. Thomas, Linda, Ishtla Singh, Jean Stilwell Peccei, Jason Jones, and Shan Wareing. Language, Society and Power: An Introduction. second ed. New York: Routledge, 2004.

Writing A Powerful Essay Using Persuasive Essay Samples About Bullying

Writing A Powerful Essay Using Persuasive Essay Samples About BullyingPersuasive essay samples about bullying are offered by writers who have dealt with this problem in their lives. They provide a helpful and effective method of writing your own message to counter negative words and ideas about bullying in school. You can take some valuable advice from these samples, which can help you write a powerful essay.There are many parents and teachers who believe that behavioral problems like those associated with bullying can be treated effectively with therapy. And while many psychological studies have been done to show the fact that aggressive behaviors are caused by biological factors, this does not mean that there is no hope for those who are afflicted with these behavioral problems. In fact, there are behavioral therapy methods that have shown to have positive results. The key is to find one that works for you, and then apply that therapy to your own personal situation.Many of the pers uasive essay samples about bullying focus on how bullying has influenced the students of today. Some students are said to suffer from problems like post-traumatic stress disorder or as just learning disabilities. Other students may have been abused as children and are said to still have some of the behavioral characteristics of being a victim. And other students may have severe learning difficulties that were caused by the way they were treated when they were younger.The persuasive essay samples about bullying point out that everyone has unique personalities and abilities, and that these strengths and weaknesses should not be used to negatively measure each student. Those who say that certain students are failures because of bullying are doing so because they have personally suffered abuse. This makes them unable to accept the students who are different, which can be seen in their constant thoughts of how they will hurt the students they consider to be losers.Persuasive essay sample s about bullying make sure to acknowledge that bullying is not just something that happen in schools, but that it can happen anywhere. This is especially true for students who are in elementary or secondary schools. The idea that people will commit such actions whether they are in school or not is not taken seriously enough.Many persuasive essay samples about bullying are written as examples that the writer used themselves when they were younger. It is not uncommon for those who were not particularly successful in school as children to have learned some skills that made it easier for them to succeed in school. While it is easy to understand why someone might feel that they need to apologize for their behavior, when you look at the person as a whole it is more likely that it is only an attempt to find sympathy, rather than a true apology.Other persuasive essay samples about bullying highlight the importance of individuals working towards making schools safer for all students. Teacher s should be able to discuss and evaluate ways in which bullying can be prevented. And the community as a whole needs to work towards preventing those who are already suffering from bullying, as well as teaching children how to avoid becoming victims of bullying in the first place. There is no reason to ignore the problem, and this makes it vital that the problem is confronted and dealt with.Persuasive essay samples about bullying can provide you with useful ideas when writing about an important topic such as bullying. You do not have to worry about how to deal with this situation, since you will find an abundance of useful information. But to combat the negative effects of bullying, it is important that you consider the perspectives of others who have been dealing with this issue and use their insights as a tool to create a powerful and convincing essay.

Explore the presentation of Nick as a narrator in the first three chapters of The Great Gatsby

Scratch seems to be an untrustworthy storyteller all through the initial three sections of ‘The Great Gatsby’, particularly during Chapter two at the gathering, where his utilization of circles recommends to the peruser that his insight is contorted. Additionally, scratch can't give an exact record of what has happened in the general public he has gotten familiar with before he moved to West Egg and hence his bits of knowledge into occasions depend on noise and bits of gossip. Jordan has become a wellspring of Nick’s knowledge, and he requests data from her at Gatsby’s party †about Gatsby himself †anyway he at that point proceeds to depict her as ‘incurably dishonest’, providing reason to feel ambiguous about all that she has said past to this. Moreover, Nick doesn't affirm whether the data he has been told is honest or not, he simply states what he has been educated without developing this, along these lines it is hazy to the peruser if Jordan is a solid wellspring of data. Scratch himself is experiencing an interior clash, suggesting that he can't give an exact, impartial record of what is happening in different people’s lives. Unmistakably he is battling between two differentiating ways of life †the delight orientated, quick paced life of New York and the regular, genuinely unremarkable foundation he originated from where, he accepts, ethical quality is as yet esteemed. This recommends he is so worried about his own issues that he can't stand to thoroughly consider the occasions of others. Notwithstanding this, Nick appears to be drawn towards the pompously conspicuous way of life that he is acquainted with at Gatsby’s gathering and seems to overlook his ethics and standards †‘on my approach to get thundering drunk’; this story is set while forbiddance was set up, thus to get ‘roaring drunk’ was to conflict with the law. This repudiates his prior explanation, ‘wanting the world to be in uniform’ which suggests that he needs the severe order and consistency of society during the Great War back, notwithstanding him taking part in numerous exercises that would emphatically conflict with this †for example, his intoxicated disaster at Myrtle’s condo. By chance, the ethics he so firmly has confidence in are addressed through his gathering with Myrtle †she is Nick’s cousins spouses courtesan but he appears to have no issue with their undertaking, regardless of the apparently cozy relationship he has with Daisy. Besides, the straightforwardness at which he has adjusted his qualities is like the facilitate that the restrained society of the Great War changed at its unexpected sudden end; despite the fact that he is being basic about the progressions that have occurred since that point in time he is really changing similarly, consequently stressing his misleading idiosyncra sies. Scratch appears to have been up to speed in the ethical rot of the general public; the main notice of his commitment is from Daisy in Chapter 1, and as the ‘certain girl’ that played tennis toward the finish of section three, however the absence of detail given about her recommends that he doesn’t accept that reality to be totally significant †particularly thinking about that Nick is expounding on past occasions. In light of the sentimental symbolism that he utilizes †‘one of those uncommon grins with a nature of everlasting reassurance’ †and the sentimental goals he seems to have confidence in, it appears to be bizarre for him to skirt his commitment, accordingly recommending that he has been up to speed in the ethical rot inside the general public. Scratches character depicts something else to what Nick as a storyteller might suspect. Scratch accepts he is ‘inclined to save all judgements’, anyway he quickly repudiates this by expressing he has been made ‘victim of not a couple of veteran bores’, repeating his undeniable fraud. This is the narrator’s endeavor to make the peruser mindful that albeit numerous feelings are not voiced, they are still there and different procedures are utilized all through to novel to permit the peruser to make their own determination †particularly imagery. While Nick understands that Tom, Daisy and Jordan are offensive individuals, he despite everything invests a lot of energy with them, deciding to disregard their flaws; it is increasingly significant for him to fit in with these rich, refined individuals that to chance his fellowship with them by bringing up their defects. It is this booking of reality that drives the peruser to address Nick’s dependability and genuineness, and it is additionally this that causes him to adjust to most of society; the vast majority are untrustworthy and they penance their trustworthiness to fit in with the remainder of society. Scratch is by all accounts somewhat of an introvert all through the initial three sections in that he doesn’t engage in the occasions that are occurring surrounding him and seems to mix in with the foundation. This is particularly evident in Chapter Two; while Nick is at Myrtle and Tom’s loft he simply sits and watches every other person in the room. It suggests that he doesn’t have his very own psyche †he would prefer to sit and watch from the side-lines than really get included †and this is underlined when Tom hauls him off the train to meet Myrtle, ‘I followed him’. The valley of remains seems to interest and spurn Nick all the while †this is made obvious through his utilization of symbolism, ‘spasms of dust’. This is maybe on the grounds that, while Nick imagines that he has seen the ‘real world’ he has in truth just considered a to be rendition of reality as he originates from a sensibly wealthy foundation †infers through his extraordinary uncle having the option to send a ‘substitute to the Civil War’ in his place, which was something that lone the rich could accomplish. Some portion of Fitzgerald’s expertise in ‘The Great Gatsby’ radiates through the manner in which he keenly makes Nick a point of convergence of the activity, while at the same time permitting him to remain adequately out of sight, along these lines having the option to remark on what situations were developing; all through the novel, Nick works as Fitzgerald’s voice.

The World Of Conflicts Essay Example Pdf - Free Essay Example

In the world of conflicts involving interest of countries, citizen and civilians, there lays a general understanding and concept of humanitarian arising from the personal regulations. Humanitarian here shall be understood as devoting to the promotion of human welfare and the advancement of social reforms, marked by humanistic values as having the interest of mankind at heart.  [1]  Hence, it rises when it is promoted by those adherents to humanitarianism and here comes the role of aid workers. An aid worker are understood as those who deliver the voluntary acts and conducts which works for an international organization giving help in a place where people need it or in a country where there is war, arm conflicts, natural disasters, no food nor utilities in order to help people.  [2]  Being an aid worker it requires an ability to adapt to intensively challenging situations and withstand emotional strain. International and development workers focus on meeting the needs of people and communities in the developing countries where they seek to implement long-term solutions to problems by working with developing countries to help them create the capacity to provide sustainable solutions. It involves various fields like education, sanitation, health, agriculture and also small business development. Thus, an aid worker closely related with humanitarian aid where they are the mediator to all necessary supplies brought to the war-torn areas and countries by third parties, such as neutral countries or relief organizations which specialize in helping civilians during conflicts.  [3]  In furtherance, humanitarian aid is assistance given to people in distress by individual persons, or governments to relieve suffering. Many full time, professional humanitarian aid organizations exist, both within government and as private voluntary organizations or non-governmental organizations. In Malaysi a, Mercy Malaysia is a well-known voluntary and non-profit organization focusing on relief effort and sustainable health related development for vulnerable communities  [4]  . Its active contributions in all over the world providing medical relief is recognize as an organization which is able to provide rapid response in crises meeting SPHERE standards in its programs and projects, namely civil war in Darfur Iran, tsunami Aceh Indonesia and aid the victims of Cyclone Nargis in Myanmar. THE AIMS OF HUMANITARIAN AID Generally, the most fundamental objective of humanitarian aid is to save the lives, prevent and reduce suffering and to preserve human dignity. Humanitarian aid usually does help insofar as it provides the most basic human needs of food, shelter, clothing, and medical care.   It can also help empower a group of people, enabling them to better deal with their own problems by giving them the strength to address those problems in a coherent way, without having to put all of their energy into simply maintaining themselves. One very notable assumption about the principles and objectives of humanitarianism can be seen in the statement made in agreement between the European Union countries when they established the Humanitarian Aid Office (ECHO), the statement is made out in the preamble of the EC Council Regulation 1257/1996: ..humanitarian aid, the sole aim of which is to prevent or relieve suffering, is accorded to victims without discrimination on the grounds of race, ethnic group, religion, sex, age, nationality or political affiliation and must not be guided by, or subject to, political considerations ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ humanitarian aid decisions must be taken impartially and solely according to the victims needs and interests ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ the independence and impartiality of non-governmental organizations and other humanitarian institutions in the implementation of humanitarian aid must be preserved, respected and encouraged.  [5] By that it can be seen that the Council Regulation (EC) No 1257/96 concerning humanitarian aid clearly states that the sole aim is to prevent or relieve human suffering and when making the humanitarian aid decisions, they must made impartially and only according to the needs and interests of the victims. And any humanitarian aid shall not be influenced by any political considerations. Humanitarian aid often comes into the pictures in the occurrence of crises like armed conflicts, n atural disasters and various NGOs will step into action to provide assistance. Humanitarian aids are provided from NGOs like the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), The United Nations Childrens Fund (UNICEF), and Mercy Corps and so on. Humanitarian aid is said to be one of the longest established activities of NGOs like the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). ICRC is an independent and neutral organization that has the aim of ensuring humanitarian support and protection for individuals affected by armed conflicts and other situation of violence. With its neutrality, the ICRC has a permanent mandate under international law like the Geneva conventions to take impartial action for prisoners, sick and wounded, and civilians affected by conflict.  [6]  The ICRCs main objective is to ensure respect, through its neutral and independent humanitarian work, for the lives, dignity and physical and mental well-being of victims of armed conflict and other situati ons of violence. All of the ICRCs works are geared towards achieving this fundamental objective and strives to fulfill this idea.  [7] The UNICEF is a NGO that help worldwide children by providing nurture, and care for them whom devastated by poverty, violence, disease and discrimination. UNICEF provides education, healthcare, protective environment, nutrition and so on and it is the NGOs mission to ensure the improvement of the lives of the adversely affected children around the world.  [8] Mercy Corp is also a NGO that strives to provide for those who are affected by poverty, war, famine, disease by giving the victims aid in manner of food aid, development assistance, education, healthcare, financial services, and so on to alleviate sufferings in affected countries. The Mercy Corp is prepared to render assistance in all kinds of situations and they strive to help affected individuals all over the world.  [9] The different aims of different NGOs do affect the humanit arian staffs employed by them. Subject to the aims of the NGOs, the risk is very much variable. For example, NGOs that are particularly active in providing assistance in war zones are supposedly exposing their staffs to higher degree of risk. In such situations the aid workers are much more susceptible to be killed in their progress of carrying out their humanitarian work. One good example of such NGO is the ICRC where they are often deployed to conflict zones to provide aid to victims of war and usually their deployment are in the midst of intense fighting and the staffs vulnerability to casualty will be significantly higher. If the aims of a NGO is directed at activities that are not involved in times of war like providing relief to poverty, malnutrition, famine, then the aid workers will be less exposed to danger like those faced in war zones. However, it is not too all correct if one says working out from a war zone is not exposed to risk. Aid workers that are deployed to dis ease stricken countries will easily exposed to risks of infectious diseases. Thus, it is a subjection to the purpose and aims of an aid organization that will determine how their staffs will be affected. Ultimately, regardless of the risks of different tasks of humanitarian work, it is still the calculated risk and choice undertaken by the aid workers in their endeavor to advance in humanitarian efforts. FACTORS JEOPARDIZING THE SAFETY SECURITY OF HUMANITARIAN AID ORGANIZATION External factor Traditionally, humanitarian workers enjoyed both international legal protection, and de facto immunity from attack by belligerent parties. However, when assigned to conflict zones, the humanitarian workers are vulnerable from attacks despite the existence of Geneva Conventions. Based on the research conducted by the Humanitarian Policy Group (HPG) Policy Brief 34 Providing aid in insecure environments: 2009 Update Trends in violence against aid workers and the operational response, in the 1990s and 2000s, the attacks on humanitarian workers have risen sharply.  [10]  In 2008 alone, 260 humanitarian workers have been killed, kidnapped or seriously injured in violent attacks, marking the highest toll in a twelve years timeframe. When humanitarian workers carry out their duties and jobs alike especially in conflict zones, they face a significant high risk by various factors. For such an instance in conflict zones, they face physical threats from violent forces deliberated at th em. Based on a research by Humanitarian Policy Group from the findings of the 2006 report Providing Aid in Insecure Environments: Trend in Policy and Operations. Its analysis follows on from that report, providing global incident data for the last three years. It identifies new trends and highlights issues in the three most violent contexts for aid workers at present: Sudan (Darfur), Afghanistan, and Somalia accounted for more than 60 percent of violent incidents and aid worker victims. Like the report of 2006, the research was based on the Aid Worker Security Database (AWSD). The AWSD recorded major security incidents affecting the staff of aid organizations working in humanitarian relief, like killings, kidnappings, and attacks that result in serious injury. The HPG Policy Brief 34 indicates that the attacks on aid workers are increasingly political motivated, such reflects a broad targeting of the aid enterprise as a whole. Based on the latest update by the HPG Policy Brief 3 4, three countries with the highest incidents of violent attacks on aid workers (in descending order: Sudan, Afghanistan and Somalia). Most of the attacks in Sudan are attributed to banditry. And in Afghanistan and Somalia are more of political motivations. For many incidents of the attacks on humanitarian aid workers, it is difficult to ascertain the true motives behind it. Political motivation is one of the biggest factors as to why aid workers are being targeted. Political motivated attacks increased by 208 percent over the time period analyzed. The HPG took a limited analysis in their report and indicated that many of the incidents that involved attacks against aid workers had significant political elements. Based on the AWSD, the apparent targeting of internationals and the means by which violence is being perpetrated like the emergence of suicide bombings and the use of IEDs (Improvised Explosive Devices) and the steep rise in kidnappings which link criminal and political a ctors. It is possible to conclude that the attacks on aid workers seen during the past 3 years from 2008 are at least partly politically motivated. Reasonable determination of the motives behind the attacks can be deduced from incident reports and the judgment of reporting entities. Incidents were classified as politically motivated based on various combinations of factors like: 1) first hand determinations and evidence cited in the original incident report; 2) explicit statements and claims of responsibility of attack by the perpetrators; 3) tactics employed (e.g. suicide bombings, targeted IEDs and so on); 4) politically/military personnel known to be perpetrators; 5) deliberate violence without aim for economic gain (i.e. aid workers seriously injured in attack without losing anything in value).  [11] The political targeting of aid workers by belligerents can be associative or direct; that is, humanitarian organizations can be targeted because they are labeled as collaborato rs with the enemy, like the government, rebel forces or foreign power. For instance in Afghanistan, aid organizations that cooperated with the coalition forces in certain activities like reconstructions can be suggestive that the aid organizations are part of the enemy. Attackers will use this as a valid reason to deliberate attack aid organizations by associating them with donor countries.  [12]  This is especially true when armed forces from donor countries are present in the case of U.S. government-funded organizations operating in Iraq and Afghanistan. In such instances, despite the differences in activities, humanitarian organizations are often viewed as providing assistance to the occupying forces and considered to be the enemies. Aid workers with connections to local governments can also make them vulnerable to attacks. In order to maintain humanitarian efforts, humanitarian staffs need to interact with local authorities to ensure that the government will continue to a llow humanitarian presence in their country. For such reasons, humanitarian staffs will attend meetings, functions with local government representatives and state military leaders. These interactions between humanitarian staffs and the government personnel may cause combatant factions to view that the aid organizations are having close political ties with the local government and label the aid organizations as enemies. Thus the combatant factions may attack the aid organizations for providing assistance to the local government as a punishment or to send a stern message to the local authorities to make a more visible political statement. The Trincomalee Massacre is assumed to be politically motivated. On 4th August 2006, seventeen staffs international NGO Action Contre La Faim (Action against Hunger International, or ACFIN) were executed at their office in Muttur. The killings were assumed to be politically motivated as the Sri Lankan Monitoring Mission claimed that the act was ca rried out by government forces. It was questioned as to why the aid workers were targeted and execute. The guess was if the government forces were really involved, they may have killed the aid workers out of anti-Tamil sentiment since they were perceived as indirectly aiding the Tamil Tigers. Another assumption was the killings were deliberately carried out by the government in order to demonize the rebel group in the eyes of the international community. The motive behind killing of the seventeen ACFIN staffs were vague, however, political consideration was drawn as a palpable factor.  [13] Apart from political motivations, economical resources can be one of the factors combatant factions carry out attacks on aid workers. Attacks can be carried out on the facilities or supply convoys of aid organizations purely to seize humanitarian goods for the attackers own usage or selling the goods to fund their war efforts. In the humanitarian relief industry, most humanitarian workers ha ve access to both the basic necessities and luxuries that majority of the local people lack. The humanitarian aid industry is often one of the biggest economic players in the country or region of operation, providing one of the most visible signs of wealth in war-stricken regions in the form of new vehicles, electronics, homes and offices, and the possession of seemingly endless quantities of food, clothing, and money. Therefore, a faction seeking to supply provisions to their fighters attack and rob humanitarian organizations, often injuring or killing aid workers in the process.  [14]  In Afghanistan, over the past year of 2009, aid workers have increasingly been attacked and harassed in Afghanistan, particularly in the volatile southern provinces. Dozens of people involved in relief work were kidnapped and/or killed in 2008 and large consignments of aid items were pillaged by insurgents and criminal groups. This suggests that the attackers may have wanted to capture the goods for their own use.  [15]  Other than the method of forcibly seizing humanitarian goods, combatant factions also kidnap aid workers for ransoms to increase their funds. Combatant factions sometimes attack aid organizations to prevent or disrupt the flow of humanitarian aid from reaching civilians seen as the enemy.  [16] Internal factor Save for the external factors, there are various internal factors that poses high risk to the aid organization itself. The internal management of the aid organizations is also responsible for the safety and security of their own. The policies that aid organizations adopt will sometimes backfire at themselves. For example, the government may outline a new policy that humanitarian efforts are to be carried out in collaboration between the aid organizations and military forces. The reason may be as simple as it will increase the safety of the aid organization and an increase in effectiveness of the humanitarian aid effort. However, by linking themselves close with military forces, the aid organizations may be perceived as enemies by insurgents. The HPG report in Providing Aid in Insecure Environments: 2009Updates indicates that the surge of violence towards the aid workers maybe be rooted in the policy that aid organizations adopt that makes them appear to have close ties with the government and thus diluting the notion of neutrality that humanitarian organizations upheld since inception. The report also expressed that the danger of association with certain governments or armed forces has a particular salience with aid workers, most of whom endeavor to be seen as separate and distinct from political actors and activities. Calling the disassociation between humanitarian groups and political and military actors sensible and necessary steps, the report concludes that If the greater portion of international humanitarian aid organizations were able to achieve independence and project an image of neutrality this would surely enhance operational security and benefit humanitarian action as a whole.  [17] So long that aid organizations continues to associate themselves with the government or the military, there is always a high tendency that the aid organization will be a target by the insurgents or disgruntled population, and there is a risk that the humanitaria n effort will be used as a mask to further facilitate political agendas. The safety measures that the aid organizations undertake is also another factor as to why the safety of the humanitarian workers was jeopardized. In recent years, many policies and procedures have been formulated and effectuated to increase the level of security and safety of aid workers. The securities measures can be categorized into three main types: acceptance, protection and deterrence. In reality, the measures also poses potential hazard to the aid workers instead of protecting them. The security measures of protection and deterrence often contain flaws in them. By the word protection itself, this measure is to increase the safety of aid workers by providing them with protective devices and employ field procedures to reduce the risk of aid workers. Equipments like Kevlar vests, ballistic helmets, armored vehicles and convoys, housing the aid workers in a protective environment, and engaging the loca l people to carry out the aid jobs are the common ways to keep the aid workers out of harms way. When the situation becomes too dangerous to work in, international staffs are often evacuated and leaving the local staffs to fend for themselves. This protection measure may offer suffice protection for international staffs but the local staffs are the ones who will ultimately suffer when the protection cease to exist when resources are taken away. Deterrence is one strategy that aid organizations employ to counter the threats pose by potential attackers. The hiring of mercenaries and security details equipped with weapons to protect aid workers and properties are the common deterrence strategy implemented to increase overall security of aid workers. Often, by engaging armed personnel for protections, again such action will be perceived by insurgents as affiliation to the military or government. Thus creating a dilution of independence and neutrality of aid organizations and making them potential targets to insurgents.  [18] A real life example is portrayed in Iraq and Afghanistan, where some U.S. based NGOs received protection from U.S. military forces while the military utilize this opportunity to improve their image by working with aid organizations. However, this collaboration by neutral NGOs with the military is viewed as enemies by many local citizens. Civil-military linkage only undermines filed workers long-term safety as they are increasingly associated with the occupying forces.  [19] PROTECTION FOR THE HUMANITARIAN AID WORKERS a) Protection under International Humanitarian Law. Protection under International Humanitarian Law for the humanitarian aid workers only can be apply when a situation can be qualified as armed conflict. An armed conflict can be defined as a situation where fighting take place between the armed forces between the two states this consider as international armed conflict or within the territory of a state between its regular armed forces and organized armed forces or when such group fight one another in internal state.  [20] In situations of armed conflict, humanitarian workers should be aware of and respect a number of rules so as not to jeopardize the protection that they could be enjoy under International Humanitarian Law. Obviously, they must not take part in the hostilities and on the other hand they should always refrain from committing any act that could be construed as hostile towards one party to the conflict. Humanitarian workers should also keep in mind what constitutes a lawful military objective according to Internat ional Humanitarian Law. Objects or places which by their nature, location, purpose or use make an effective contribution to military action could become a military target. Whenever possible, members of humanitarian organizations should stay clear of such objects and places.  [21] Under International Humanitarian Law, the protection to the humanitarian organization is based on the principle, within the context of hostilities a distinction must always be made between combatants and civilians. Under International Humanitarian Law, it was stated that humanitarian workers are considered to be civilians.  [22]  They must be respected and protected in all circumstances, and must never be made the object of attack in whatever reason at all. The provisions for the protection of humanitarian personnel who are involved in relief operations such as under Articles 69, 70 and 71 of Additional Protocol I and 18 of Additional Protocol II stated under a number of conditions, relief opera tions that are humanitarian and impartial in character and are conducted without any adverse distinction may be undertaken. It also offers of assistance fulfilling these conditions shall not be regarded either as interference in the armed conflict or as hostile acts. In further, International Humanitarian Law also contains provisions for the protection of medical personnel and transports. This protection, which also applies to military medical units and transports, is represented visually by the Red Cross or Red Crescent emblem. However, it must be noted that in principle most humanitarian organizations which are not part of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement are not entitled to use that emblem.  [23] However the most effective preventive measures must be taken by States to limit any risk to the security of humanitarian workers. They must suppress breaches of international law and prosecute those responsible of war crimes. Any intentional attack against members of a humani tarian organization would constitute a war crime. War crimes can also be prosecuted in another country on the basis of universal jurisdiction. b) Protection under Geneva Convention. The Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols are part of the international humanitarian law where a whole system of legal safeguards that cover the way wars may be fought and the protection of individuals. They specifically protect people who do not take part in the fighting such as civilians, medics, chaplains, aid workers and those who can no longer fight including wounded, sick and shipwrecked troops and the prisoners of war. The fundamental aim already of the historic original Geneva Convention of 1864, was to ensure acceptance of the neutral status of the sick and wounded and of military medical personnel, who needed to enjoy special protection if they were to be able to carry out their mission. It also reaffirmed and considerably developed this immunity by extending it to medical personnel and unit as well as military and civilian medical transports. The protection provided by these instruments is represented visually by the red cross/red crescent emblem, which st rengthens its legal basis. To take account of developments in armed conflicts, Additional Protocol I which also gave States the option of identifying medical units and transports by distinctive signals, such as light signals or electronic means of identification.  [24] In order to limit as far as possible misuses of the red cross/red crescent emblem, which are likely to impair its protective effect in the event of armed conflict, its use is subject to some very strict regulations. Thus, the emblem can be displayed only with the permission of the relevant authorities and under their control. It is essential for States to enact national legislation on the use and protection of the red cross/red crescent emblem, providing, in particular, for an effective monitoring system and punishment for grave misuse of it.  The main users of the emblem are medical and religious personnel, the medical services of the armed forces and civilian medical units and transports, such as hospita ls and ambulances.  [25] Under the Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols, National Red Cross or Red Crescent Societies and other relief societies duly recognized and authorized by their government may provide the medical services of the armed forces with personnel and equipment, which will then be subject to military laws and regulations. Ambulances and first-aid posts may display the emblem in peacetime, under certain conditions (Articles 26, 27 and 38 to 44 of the First Geneva Convention, Articles 41 to 45 of the Second Geneva Convention, Articles 18 to 22 of the Fourth Geneva Convention, Articles 8, 9 and 18 of Additional Protocol I and Article 12 of Additional Protocol II).  [26] In addition, the components of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement have a special tie to the emblem. The National Red Cross or Red Crescent Societies may use it at any time to indicate the affiliation of their personnel, installations and equipment. They may also use it for protective purposes when serving as auxiliaries to armed forces medical services or when working under the auspices of the ICRC (International Committee of the Red Cross). As regards the ICRC and the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, they may display the emblem at any time and for all their activities.  [27] However should be reminds concerning the special role which the ICRC is called upon to play in armed conflicts. The Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols expressly confer certain rights on the ICRC, such as that of acting as a substitute for Protecting Powers and that of access to prisoners of war and persons protected by the Fourth Geneva Convention (Articles 123 of the Third and 143 of the Fourth Geneva Conventions).  [28]  In addition, the Geneva Conventions give it the right to offer its services to the parties to the conflict. Generally speaking, the ICRC acts as the promoter and guardian of international human itarian law, and in this capacity it works to ensure respect for this law, as well as its promotion, dissemination and development. In armed conflicts or other situations requiring the intervention of a specifically neutral and independent institution, the ICRC assumes the overall guidance of international Red Cross. Last but not least, another category of personnel is entitled to be respected and protected under international humanitarian law such as civil defence staff, which has their own sign, a blue triangle against an orange background. c) Protection under Customary International Law. The regulation of humanitarian assistance in non-international armed is also covered by customary international law. Specifically, the obligation to respect and protect humanitarian relief personnel and objects, and the obligation to allow and facilitate the rapid and unimpeded passage of humanitarian relief which is impartial in character and conducted without any adverse distinction (subject to the states right of control) are regarded by the ICRC as rules of customary international law applying in all conflicts. With regards to the obligation to respect and protect humanitarian relief personnel, the ICRC stated in its 2005 study on the rules of customary international humanitarian law that this obligation is a corollary of the prohibition of starvation, as well as the rule that the wounded and sick must be collected and cared for.  [29]  On the reason is that the security of humanitarian relief personnel and objects is an indispensable condition for the delivery of humanitar ian relief to civilian populations in need threatened with starvation. For a legal principle to acquire the status of customary international law, it has traditionally been required that there be a consistent and general practice among states of adherence to the rule, and that there be evidence that the practice has been carried out in the belief that the practice is obligatory by referring to the principle of opinio juris.  [30]  Evidence of opinion juris may be gleaned from treaties as well as from non-binding instruments such as declarations and General Assembly resolutions.  [31]  Where the parties are acceptance of the resolution and declarations as evidence, the opinion juris is sufficient to support the existence of customary international law. However, the value of customary principles is debatable in practice. National courts, especially in states with a dualist system, are traditionally reluctant to apply customary international law, especially in criminal ca ses where the principle of legality mandates that the law be clearly defined. They are also likely to be influenced by the Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC), which while affirming the existence of individual criminal responsibility for violations of common Article 3 of the Geneva Convention itself where they may claimed that is in non-international armed conflict,  [32]  Limits war crimes in international armed conflict to violations of Hague law and grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions, which can only be committed against protected persons fulfilling the nationality requirement discussed above. Violations of the general customary principle underlying common Article 3 cannot, therefore, be prosecuted at the ICC. The resulting position, which may be followed in domestic jurisdictions, is rather odd, in that a larger category of people are protected by the ICC Statute in non-international conflicts than in international warfare. As far as humanitarian workers a re concerned, this means that they are excluded from ICC protection against mistreatment in international wars (unless their state of nationality is involved on the opposing side), but may be covered by the provisions of common Article 3 where the conflict is non-international.  [33] d) Protection under the Convention on the Safety of UN and Associated Personnel. In 1996 the UN General Assembly adopted the Convention on the Safety of UN and Associated Personnel, which entered into force on 15 January 1999. This provides protection for personnel of humanitarian organizations, but only as associated personnel. When they are deployed under an agreement with the Secretary- General of the United Nations or with a specialized agency or with the IAEA, to carry out activities in support of the fulfillment of the mandate of a United Nations operation and operate under United Nations control. However this excludes the activities of truly independent organizations, which see operating outside UN control as crucial to maintaining their independence from political agendas.  [34] A new Optional Protocol to the Convention, extending the range of situations in which the Convention applies, was adopted on 8 December 2005. The original Convention applies only to UN operations to maintain or restore international peace and security and those declared by either the Security Council or the General Assembly, for the purposes of the application of the Convention, to constitute an exceptional safety risk. The Optional Protocol extends this to UN operations to deliver humanitarian, political or development assistance in peace building and to emergency humanitarian assistance operations. Despite the apparent focus on humanitarian assistance in the Optional Protocol, the original definition of qualifying organizations is not modified, so independent humanitarian organizations are excluded.  [35] In 1998, partly inspired by the adoption of the Convention, the General Assembly adopted two separate resolutions, one on protection of United Nations personnel and the other on the safety and security of humanitarian personnel. This began a regular series of annual resolutions calling for better respect for existing law and requiring the Secretary-General to report on progress or the lack thereof. From 1999 on, a single resolution has covered humanitarian personnel and UN personnel. In 2003 a Security Council resolution exhorted states and warring parties to ensure the safety of humanitarian personnel and UN and associated personnel. The inclusion of humanitarian personnel as a group separate from the UN and associated personnel can be read as recognition of independent humanitarian action, and may leave the door open to finding a solution to appropriate legal protection, not based on political control.  [36]

Marijuana Prohibition Canada - 1372 Words

The Controlled Substances Act (Marijuana Prohibition) CLN-4U Unit One Essay Cailey Bazik CLN 4U – Unit One Essay Controlled Substances Act Marijuana Prohibition The Controlled substance act pertaining to Marijuana has been a long on going battle as to whether marijuana should be legal in Canada and taken out of this act. The law behind the drug has a long history and many failed attempts at decriminalization. There are both positive and negative effects to this law, but I believe the positive effects weigh out the negative and that because of this marijuana will be legal in the near future. The Marijuana laws in Canada today are unresolved, as superior courts have ruled all cannabis laws to be of â€Å"no force or effect†.†¦show more content†¦The president of the Canadian Police Association believes Canadians are trying to decriminalize marijuana prematurely. He says supporters of change are overlooking the risks. â€Å"We don’t have the tools and the training available to us now to ensure that people aren’t driving cars, for example, or operating machinery, while they’re impaired by Marijuana† he said. â€Å" There are all kinds of implications that I don’t think people are considering carefully enough†¦ Its still a harmful substance ultimately† (Ballingall) That being said there are many negative effects to having the prohibition of Marijuana in place. The Union of B.C municipalities passed a resolution summoning research be done looking into the legalization of marijuana. They came to the conclusion that the prohibition has been ineffective in deterring youth use, and production of the plant. (Wood, Antweiler) It seems that other measures need to be taken in order to ensure the youth of Canada don’t use drugs recreationally, and criminalizing marijuana has little effect. Researchers from the University of British Columbia and Simon Fraser’s university have estimated B.C’s marijuana market would be worth more than $500 million annually. Unfortunately most of the revenue goes to criminal organizations. (Wood, Antweiler) This number is based on one province alone, think of how much this number would go up if the whole country were involved in their research. The profiting of criminalShow MoreRelatedShould Marijuana Be Legalized? Essay1520 Words   |  7 PagesMarijuana was first criminalized in 1923 when it was added to the narcotics act. In 1971 the LeDain commission recommended the decriminalization of simple possessions of marijuana, followed by the legalization of medical marijuana in 2001. Currently, the liberal government is taking steps towards their promise, to legalize marijuana, made during the 2015 election. Currently, there are laws that regulate the use of marijuana in Canada. It is illegal to possess or sell marijuana for n on-medial purposesRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1314 Words   |  6 PagesMarijuana, also known as cannabis, has been deemed an unacceptable and illegal substance in Canada, as well as in many other nations. It is a drug which can alter an individual’s sense of perception and distort one’s senses, and may become addictive if used repeatedly. Although marijuana is looked down upon in society when used for recreational purposes, it serves several beneficial purposes in the medical field. The legalization of marijuana is a prominent growing issue in several Canadian provincesRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?876 Words   |  4 Pagesare capable of pursuing criminal charges for marijuana possession, however there is a lack of consensus with regard to the legal status of marijuana in Canada. Where the superior and appellate courts in Ontario have declared marijuana laws to be of no force and/or effect and public opinion polls have found an increasing majori ty of agreement in that marijuana use should not be a criminal offence, Justin Trudeau announced that the possession of marijuana for recreational and medicinal use would beRead MoreCanada s Drug Laws And Drugs1275 Words   |  6 Pages Canada s drug regulations are covered by the Food and Drug Act and the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act. In relation to controlled and restricted drug products the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act establishes eight schedules of drugs and new penalties for the possession, trafficking, exportation and production of controlled substances as defined by the Governor-in-Council. Drug policy of Canada has traditionally favoured punishment of the smallest of offenders, but this convention was partiallyRead MoreControversy Regarding Cannabis-Related Legislations in Canada3651 Words   |  15 Pagesï » ¿There is presently much controversy regarding Cannabis-related legislations in Canada, as while there is a great deal of individuals supporting conditions in the present, there are also numerous people who are against contemporary laws. It is presently illegal to grow cannabis plants in Canada, but the authorities allow cannabis to be consumed for medical purposes. Many people in Canada believe that cannabis should be legalized in the country, with some of the most recent polls pointing toward theRead MoreMarijuana Advantage and Disadvantages1760 Words   |  8 PagesPeople should pay attention to the controversy about marijuana. Marijuana may not kill in a situation such as an automobile accident. In this paper it talks about the risks and benefits of using marijuana. Suicide, mental disorders, and worse depression can be bigger risks of using marijuana. All together marijuana can be less dangerous than other things such as alcohol and other drugs The medical benefits of marijuana are very helpful. Marijuana can relieve the pain of AIDs, multiple sclerosis, andRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1232 Words   |  5 Pagestransportation, and sale of marijuana are illegal under the federal law in the United States. However, the federal government announced that states are allowed to pass a law to legalize marijuana for medical and recreational use, provided th at they develop a system to regulate the activities. Under the Controlled Substances Act, passed in 1970, Marijuana is classified as a substance of schedule 1, the highest listing under the legislation. The classification implies that the substance is deemed as possessingRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?2120 Words   |  9 PagesMarijuana continues to be a big controversy in today s society just as it has been for decades. Since the legalization in certain states such as California, Colorado, and even the District of Columbia, there has been evidence supporting the benefits that can come from legalization. New research shows that the legalization of marijuana can help prevent drug related crimes, and even stop violent crimes. It is also found that there are immense economic values that could come from legalization. It isRead MoreThe Legalization Of Marijuana Legalization1660 Words   |  7 PagesKyler Smith 9/15 â€Å"Marijuana Legalization† The legality of cannabis varies from country to country. Possession of cannabis is illegal in most countries and has been since the beginning of widespread cannabis prohibition in the late 1930s. However, possession of the drug in small quantities had been decriminalized in many countries and sub-national entities in several parts of the world. Furthermore, possession is legal or effectively legal in the Netherlands, Uruguay, and in the US states of ColoradoRead MoreEnd the Prohibition on Marijuana2096 Words   |  9 PagesEND THE PROHIBITION ON MARIJUANA AND INDUSTRIAL HEMP Outline Thesis Statement: Legalization of industrialized hemp and marijuana benefits our economy, decriminalizes a 35 billion dollar a year industry, creates jobs, and makes sense for the environment. I. Marijuana has been illegal in the United States since the Marihuana Stamp Tax Act was enacted by congress in 1937 A. A Brief History B. Marijuana Cash Crop II. The prohibition of marijuana contributes to a black market system, which

Annotated Bibliography On Computer Science Majors

Encryption in book Blown to Bits by Hal Abelson, Ken Ledeen, and Harry Lewis is carefully analyzed by these three Computer Science majors is from the beginning of ciphering till exploitation occurred between the NSA and the Congressmen/Presidents of 1990’s. The industry and technological advancements for encryption began with the Egyptians who ciphered their language in Hieroglyphics around 2000 years ago. This creation led to a problematic industry for the Information Age because of the abuse of privacy. Though the fraudulent consequences of privacy are not protected by any amendment limitless resistance to being exposed for personal information has been growing ever since the beginning of security standards. What happened in September 11th, 2001 was not merely an inevitable catastrophe because the FBI warned the US Government and president years before 911 occurred. Encryption being a safety requirement in our era is the encoding of data transferring through communicative me ans. Anyone can have access to the data however there is a password when trying to steal or intercept someone s information. The best way to encode your translation of personal information between two or more people is by verbal talking through whispers/soft speaking. Regulating encryption has always been a request from the NSA and the FBI because of exchanging violent plans or initiatives to seek perilous outcomes. The government feeds of privacy, not protected by the Founding Fathers or theShow MoreRelatedAnnotated Bibliography On Computer Software Engineering827 Words   |  4 PagesAnnotated Bibliography About.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Aug. 2011. . In the year 2008 there were 426,000 computer programmers employed. Computer programmers write the program the computer uses to function. The computer programmer follows the specifications given to them by the computer software engineer. Specialized knowledge and experience with a language or operating system could lead to a computer programmer becoming a computer software engineer. Programming skills and programming experience isRead MoreEssay about Annotated Bibliography on Information Technology768 Words   |  4 PagesAnnotated Bibliography on Information Technology Mobile Security in the Future Adesina, A. O., Agbele, K. K., Februarie, R., Abidoye, A. P., amp; Nyongesa, H. O. (2011). Ensuring the security and privacy of information in mobile health-care communication systems. South African Journal of Science, 107(9), 26-32. This research article examines the security concerns of using mobile technology systems in health care institution. Various methods of ensuring privacy and security of patient’sRead MoreWorkplace Citizenship8908 Words   |  36 PagesInformation Guide are reproduced under section 40 (1A) of the Copyright Amendment Act 1980 (Cth) for the purposes of private study by internal and external students enrolled in this unit.  © Charles Darwin University CRICOS provider 00300K Major revisions February 2010 Minor revisions June 2012 Minor revisions February 2013 Minor revisions June 2013 Minor revisions Dec 2013 Contents Introduction 1 Welcome 1 About the teaching staff 1 What isRead MoreUnit 8 Writing Assignment6944 Words   |  28 Pagesthe instructor reads and responds to, and that counts towards the student’s final grade in some way. Because this is a writing course, students should be engaged in writing in some form throughout the entire course. The following list describes the major forms of writing that instructors assign. 1. Essays (out-of-class papers). Instructors usually assign three to five essays. These essays are 3-5 pages on average and address overall themes of the course that the instructor is also working through inRead MoreLiterature Review on Sports2856 Words   |  12 Pagesundertaken and reported across the globe, resulting in a significant volume of published research traditionally however sports related researches have taken individual routes to classify conditions and defining exposures and outcomes this has resulted in a major differences in the definitions and classifications of diagnosis in playing and injury expos ures and in obtaining good health outcomes†(Quinette Louw and Karen Grimmer,2000)† (Ergen et al). Sport programs are necessitates that implementers take careRead MoreJust What Exactly Is The Powered Exoskeleton?1652 Words   |  7 Pages1. Protocols 3.2. Algorithms 3.3 methodolgy 4. Near term and long term applications 4.1. applications 4.2. impacts 4.3Risks involved 5. implications 5.1. Implications on the society 5.2. future research 6. Suggested course of action 7. Annotated bibliography ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES 1.Introduction: The concept of creating machines has always fascinated the humans and dates back to the classical times of the human history. This fascination of the humans to create something new led to the developmentRead MoreInformation Security15951 Words   |  64 PagesInforming Science Journal Volume 9, 2006 A Systems Approach to Conduct an Effective Literature Review in Support of Information Systems Research Yair Levy and Timothy J. Ellis Graduate School of Computer and Information Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Florida, USA levyy@nova.edu ellist@nova.edu Abstract This paper introduces a framework for conducting and writing an effective literature review. The target audience for the framework includes information systems (IS) doctoral studentsRead MoreSocial Networks And Its Effect On Our Lives1661 Words   |  7 Pagescollege students in WKU. The subobjectives are to determine the physical effects of SNSs and identify the mental influence of SNSs on the students. Also, this research aims to find out the influence on their academic achievement. Annotated bibliography 1.A Common Sense Research Study. Social Media, Social Life: How Teens View Their Digital Lives. Common Sense Media. N.p., 26 June 2012. Web. 16 Apr. 2017. https://www.commonsensemedia.org/research/social-media-social-life-how-teens-view-their-digital-livesRead MoreHow Computers Changed the World1941 Words   |  8 PagesHow Computers have changed our world There isn’t very many people around who can say that their lives have not been changed by computers. Computers have taken over our society as we know it. Everywhere you look, computers have greatly improved our lives. It can be as simple as going through a carwash, a computer processes the information that we feed it and adjusts the machine accordingly to give us the particular wash that we paid for. Although technology is a good thing to have, there is a fewRead MoreModern technology is a bane.2123 Words   |  9 Pagesreplace social responsibility. Convenience and constant performance can be produced by modern technology. Profound foundation of technology is main propose in prospect of study for master of information and communication technology and master of computer science, therefore more experiences and argument researches can certainly advantage to establish potential basis of study. The analysis of the research topic The purpose of research questions, Modern technology is a bane not a boon. Do you agree?

Sustainability Reporting Exercise Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Sustainability Reporting Exercise. Answer: Introduction Sustainability reporting exercise by corporations can help in generation of transparency, assist the entire market to operate effectually, reflect the overall health of the nation, assist in driving organizations progress towards achievement of smooth, sustainable and the same time inclusive rate of growth. The present study examines the primary purpose of sustainability reporting from the perspective of each and every business entity, taking into consideration compliance with the guidelines of GRI Reporting. In addition to this, current report also identifies the stakeholders having an interest in the sustainability reports of each business entity. Moving further, the study elucidates in detail the stark differences between the sustainability reports of the two different companies. The current report explicates in detail about sustainability reporting practice with special reference to the operations of AGL and ANZ. The AustralianAccounting Standards Board necessarily does not indicate towards specific accountabilities associated to the management of sustainability regulation (Child 2015). However, features of various action schedules of AASB controls the functionalities of AASB on the environment on the whole. In this regard, AASB spells out policies along with measures for minimization of environmental influences by conforming with diverse government policies associated to reduction of waste, energy conservation and many others. Micheli and Mari (2014) mentions that according to the AASB regulations of annual report, appropriate reporting on specifically sustainability in the long term on particularly finances of public organizations adhere to the directives as well as guidelines laid down by the IPSASB issued by suggested practice directives of RPG1 reporting practice. These was declared by the Recommended Practice Guideline RPG 1 Reporting on the finances (Hahn and Llfs 2014). Thus, sustaina bility reporting can be considered as a procedure of presenting information by means of which diverse stakeholders can analyse economic, social as well as environmental aspects of business concerns that is referred to as the triple bottom line procedure of reporting. Business concerns utilize sustainability practices for enhancing values of the overall functionalities of the business. In addition to this the Code of Ethics for the professional and expert accountants introduced during 2006 and modified during 2008 was pronounced by the Accounting Professional and Ethical Standards Board. This code of ethics presents diverse necessities of corporations to adhere to the directives of Global Reporting Initiative (GRI). Purpose Purpose of sustainability reporting of ANZ is to inform their stakeholders regarding the way they are managing and expecting current as well as future risks and opportunities associated to economic, social as well as environmental factors. In addition to this, the company ANZ also reports regarding their performance against targets of sustainability that are set for the years and the way by which the management of the firm recognize and manage diverse issues that can considered to be most material to the business as well as stakeholders of the firm (Rinaldi et al. 2014). It can be hereby mentioned that ANZ is essentially a gold community member of the GRI and uses framework of GRI for over a decade. The purpose of the sustainability reporting of AGL is to present the way they operate and deal with customers, engage with community and people and manage environment and at the same time economic performance. In addition to this, the sustainability reporting of the firm also reflects the adherence of the firm to the AGL Ethical Code of Conduct that aims to reduction in the overall rate of diverse substantiated issues associated to unacceptable behaviour. Furthermore, the purpose of this reporting practice is also to make the stakeholders aware regarding the public policy engagement strategy of the firm and best practices as regards corporate governance adopted by the firm (Micheli and Mari 2014) Stakeholders ANZ intends to earn trust and carry out fair as well as responsible banking by keeping pace with the altering expectations of diverse stakeholders of the firm. As per sustainability report of the firm, the management of the business concern maintains superior standards of ethical business conduct and comprehending social as well as environmental influences of the business decisions. The companys sustainability reporting reflects that effective engagement with the firms stakeholders is considered as a significant part of their business and is embedded in their policies, procedures as well as nature of business operations (Junior et al. 2014). Analysis of the stakeholder engagement policy of the firm reveals that the main stakeholders of the firm includes the customers, employees, shareholders, community, governing bodies and regulators, industry associations as well as non-government organizations Report reveals that the effective stakeholder engagement principle of the firm ANZ is co nsistent with particularly the AA 1000 Stakeholder Engagement Standard. On other hand, the firm AGL has a wide range of various stakeholders with diverse interests. The management of the company is of the view that the company participates in different ongoing as well as constructive conversation with the stakeholders in a bid to remain responsive to diverse issues that are significant to companys customers, financiers, regulators, employees, landowners along with the wider community (Hahn and Llfs 2014). Comparison of the sustainability reporting The sustainability reporting of the two different corporation viz. AGL and ANZ are hereby discussed in detail below: ANZ : ANZ is one of the largest financial services corporation in New Zealand that functions particularly as a subsidiary firm of Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Limited in Australia. This is a publicly traded company with operations in the finance and insurance industry. The primary purpose of ANZ is to successfully shape and develop a world in which people as well as communities can thrive. For that, the company intends to generate a balanced as well as sustainable economy where everyone can participate and make a better world. Analysis of the sustainability report of the firm reveals that the corporate sustainability framework of the firm supports the overall delivery of the business strategy of the firm and intends to replicate the material social as well as environmental issues better and to keep in line with the purposes of the bank. The company intends to carry out fair as well as responsible banking, boost sustainable growth and enhance social and economic engagement (Hahn and Khnen 2013). The report mentions about the materiality matrix that the company uses with GRI material aspect and the boundary. Some of the key material issues identified in the report include corporate governance, business lending, environment footprint, sustainable chain of supply and investment towards the community (Child 2015). In addition to this, the other material issues of the company include diversity and inclusion, fraud and security of data, consumer protection, anti-money laundering and financing of terrorism and fairness and code of ethics among many others. The report also divulges the fact that the company has a formal policy of stakeholder engagement that is again consistent with the AA 1000 Stakeholder Engagement Standard. This section on stakeholder engagement focuses on how the company is engaged with a particular stakeholder group, stresses on the key issues that are raised and comments on the same. The sustainability review also presents the corporate govern ance along with the risk management that helps in understanding the material sustainability risks that in turn has the capability to wear down the trust of the entire community, finally influencing the capability to carry out business (Buhr et al. 2014). Thereafter, the sustainability report also elucidates in detail about the sustainability targets and set group wide program in order to support the overall delivery of firms business strategy and respond to diverse material sustainability concerns (Bonilla-Priego et al. 2014). AGL: AGL essentially publishes sustainability report on a yearly basis in order to provide transparent account of the firms performance in association to the social, economic as well as environmental challenges AGL as well as the energy industry encounters. the sustainability report of AGL also presents material issues just as ANZ, in a specific matrix reflecting the relative significance as judged by different internal as well as external stakeholders. In addition to this, AGL also presents a sustainability framework that is similarly presented by ANZ. It is by means of this sustainability framework, the company presents the targets as well as commitments to undertake performance are instituted, monitored and enumerated (Bebbington et al. 2014). Analysis of the sustainability report of the firm reflects the fact that the firm presents an outline of the way the company operates and encapsulates the entire advance to stakeholder engagement, ethical code of conduct, maintenance of legislati ve compliance, corporate governance in addition to public policy engagement. In addition to this, the report also presents performance information regarding the firms key sustainability issues that are categorised into five different subjects namely customers, people, firms economic performance, community and environment. Moreover this report also reflects about a centralised data centre in which comprehensive data on performance is made available. Evaluation of the report also replicates the fact that the sustainability review of the firm is prepared and presented according to the Sustainability Reporting Guidelines of Global Reporting Initiative (Barkemeyer et al. 2015). Thus, evaluation of the report helps in reflecting the differences that exist between the two different reports. The report of AGL explicitly mentions about the adherence of the report to the GRI guidelines while the report of ANZ does not mention about the GRI. Debate regarding mandatory reporting There are certain reasons that can explain the reason why mandatory reporting might not be best possible move. There is concern that mandatory reporting can create a low common denominator in particularly transparency (Amran et al. 2014). In this case, the government establishes different key performance indicators that diverse corporations need to report on, corporations might focus particularly checking the disclosure requirements in stead of thinking about those issues that that the stakeholders think about (Alonso?Almeida et al. 2014). Essentially, the mandatory disclosure would possibly indicate liability for disclosures and can adversely affect transparency. References Alonso?Almeida, M., Llach, J. and Marimon, F., 2014. A closer look at the Global Reporting Initiativesustainability reporting as a tool to implement environmental and social policies: A worldwide sector analysis.Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management,21(6), pp.318-335. Amran, A., Lee, S.P. and Devi, S.S., 2014. The influence of governance structure and strategic corporate social responsibility toward sustainability reporting quality.Business Strategy and the Environment,23(4), pp.217-235. Barkemeyer, R., Preuss, L. and Lee, L., 2015. On the effectiveness of private transnational governance regimesEvaluating corporate sustainability reporting according to the Global Reporting Initiative.Journal of World Business,50(2), pp.312-325. Bebbington, J., Unerman, J. and O'Dwyer, B. eds., 2014.Sustainabilityaccounting and accountability. Routledge. Bonilla-Priego, M.J., Font, X. and del Rosario Pacheco-Olivares, M., 2014. Corporate sustainability reporting index and baseline data for the cruise industry.Tourism Management,44, pp.149-160. Buhr, N., Gray, R. and Milne, M.J., 2014. Histories, rationales, voluntary standards and future prospects for sustainability reporting.J. Bebbington, J. Unerman and B. ODwyer, eds, pp.51-71. Child, J., 2015.Organization: contemporary principles and practice. John Wiley Sons. Hahn, R. and Khnen, M., 2013. Determinants of sustainability reporting: a review of results, trends, theory, and opportunities in an expanding field of research.Journal of Cleaner Production,59, pp.5-21. Hahn, R. and Llfs, R., 2014. Legitimizing negative aspects in GRI-oriented sustainability reporting: A qualitative analysis of corporate disclosure strategies.Journal of Business Ethics,123(3), pp.401-420. Junior, R.M., Best, P.J. and Cotter, J., 2014. Sustainability reporting and assurance: A historical analysis on a world-wide phenomenon.Journal of Business Ethics,120(1), pp.1-11. Micheli, P. and Mari, L., 2014. The theory and practice of performance measurement.Management accounting research,25(2), pp.147-156. Rinaldi, L., Unerman, J. and Tilt, C., 2014. The role of stakeholder engagement and dialogue within thesustainability accounting and reporting process.Sustainability accounting and accountability, pp.86-107.